From the Oxford English Dictionary On-line. Accessed May 20, 2002.
culture kA.ltiur, sb.
[a. Fr. culture
(in OFr. couture), ad. L.
cultura cultivation, tending, in Christian authors, worship, f. ppl. stem
of colere: see cult.]
1. Worship; reverential homage. Obs. rare.
2. a.. The action or practice of cultivating the soil; tillage,
husbandry; = cultivation
1.b. Cultivated condition. Obs. c. concr. A piece of tilled land; a cultivated field. Obs.
3.
a. The cultivating or rearing of a plant or crop; = cultivation
2. b. transf. The rearing or raising of certain animals, such
as fish, oysters, bees, etc., or of natural products such as silk. culture
pearl = cultured pearl. c. The artificial development of microscopic organisms, esp.
bacteria, in specially prepared media; concr. the product of such culture;
a growth or crop of artificially developed bacteria, etc. Also applied to
the similar growth of plant and animal cells and tissues, and of whole
organs or fragments of them. Also in Comb., as culture-fluid,
-tube, etc.;
culture medium
, a substance, solid or liquid, in or on which micro-organisms, tissues,
etc., are cultured.
d. The training of the human body. Obs.
5. a. absol. The training, development, and refinement of mind, tastes, and manners; the condition of being thus trained and refined; the intellectual side of civilization. b. (with a and pl.) A particular form or type of intellectual development. Also, the civilization, customs, artistic achievements, etc., of a people, esp. at a certain stage of its development or history. (In many contexts, esp. in Sociology, it is not possible to separate this sense from sense 5 a.)
civilization sivilizei.S<e>n, -<e>izei.S<e>n, . Also -isation. [f. civilize + -ation, q.v. In modFr. civilisation.]
civilize si.vil<e>iz, v. [app. f. 16th c. Fr. civilizer (Cotgr.) now civiliser; app. representing a med. or mod.L. civilizare, to make civil (a criminal matter), whence transferred to `make civil' in other senses; f. civil-is civil + verbal formative -izare, ad. Gr. -izein, in mod.Fr. -iser, Eng. -ize, q.v.
1. To make civil (sense 7); to bring out of a state of barbarism, to
instruct in the arts of life, and thus elevate in the scale of humanity; to
enlighten, refine, and polish. to civilize away;
to do away with, by civilization.
b. To subject to civil authority. Obs.
c. To polish what is rude or uncouth.d. transf. To domesticate, tame (wild animals).
6. intr. To conform to the requirements of civil life, to behave
decently.
Things that Make Civilization Possible.
Paleolithic
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Paleolithic Tool Kit of Homo Sapiens Sapiens
stone tools, beads, barbed projectile points, bone needles, hafted tools, light spears
Modern HSS are in Israel c. 100,000 ybp.