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How to Use the Tense
Timeline to Form
Perfect System Verb Tenses
Note the equivalent number of each tense on
the number (time) line*:
present = 0
one step in the past = -1
two steps in the past = -2
one step in the future = +1
two steps in the future = +2
| pluperfect |
imperfect
perfect |
present |
future
perfect |
future |
FORMATION OF
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
(stem from the 4th principal part: laudatus, -a, -um (perfect
passive participle)
PERFECT PASSIVE: perfect
passive pple + present of SUM as auxiliary (-1 + 0 = -1)
| perfect
passive pple |
+ |
present
of SUM |
= |
-1 |
perfect |
| laudatus |
+ |
est |
= |
laudatus est |
"he was
praised" |
|
-1 |
+ |
0 |
= |
-1 |
(one step in
the past) |
"The
child has been praised often."
explanation: this action occurred in the simple past, one step before
the present. |
PLUPERFECT PASSIVE: perfect
passive pple + imperfect of SUM as auxiliary (-1 + -1 = -2)
| perfect
passive pple |
+ |
imperfect
of sum |
= |
-2 |
pluperfect |
| laudatus |
+ |
erat |
= |
laudatus
erat |
"he
had been praised" |
|
-1 |
+ |
-1 |
= |
-2 |
(two steps in
the past) |
"The
child had been praised before evening came."
explanation: both actions are in the past, but one occurred two steps in
the past; one action happened before the other, so you must account for
two depths of the past, two steps removed from the present. |
FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE:
perfect stem + future of sum as auxiliary (-1 + 2 = -1)
| perfect
passive pple |
+ |
future
of sum |
= |
+1 |
pluperfect |
| laudatus |
+ |
erit |
= |
laudatus
erit |
"he
will have been praised" |
|
-1 |
+ |
+2 |
= |
+1 |
(in
between future and past but after the present) |
"The
child will have been praised before evening comes."
explanation: both actions are in the future (future), but one will occur
after the first one is completed (perfect). The action of the verb in the
future perfect tense will occur at a midway point between two points on
the line, between NOW (our present) and THEN (when evening comes, the end of the
line, which hasn't happened yet, but will). |
*Thanks to Peter Rohn, one of my Latin students, for suggesting that I
give "future" the value of 2, thereby making it possible to assign a smaller
positive integer to "future perfect." I had originally valued "future" at 1,
and then was stuck with 1/2 for future perfect. back
to top
See Grammar explanation sheet
under Chapter 12 for the
Perfect System in Active Voice
copyright
2001 Janice
Siegel,
All Rights Reserved
send comments to: Janice Siegel (jfsiege@ilstu.edu)
date this page was edited last:
06/29/2005
the URL
of this page:
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